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AI detects chronic high blood pressure in people’s voice recordings

Researchers at Klick Labs have unveiled a cutting-edge, non-invasive technique that can predict chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) with a high degree of accuracy using just a person’s voice.

Published in the peer-reviewed journal IEEE Access, the findings may hold potential for advancing the early detection of chronic high blood pressure and showcase a novel way to harness vocal biomarkers for better health outcomes.

The study’s 245 participants were asked to record their voices by speaking into a mobile app developed by the Klick scientists, which detected high blood pressure with accuracies up to 84 percent for females and 77 percent for males.

Hidden sonic clues

The app uses machine learning to analyze hundreds of vocal biomarkers that are indiscernible to the human ear, including pitch variability, patterns of speech energy distribution, and sharpness of sound changes (spectral contrast).

“By leveraging various classifiers and establishing gender-based predictive models, we discovered a more accessible way to detect hypertension, which we hope will lead to earlier intervention for this widespread global health issue,” said Klick scientists in a statement.

Klick Labs is collaborating with hospitals, academic institutions, and public health authorities worldwide.

Citation: B. Taghibeyglou, J. M. Kaufman and Y. Fossat, “Machine Learning-Enabled Hypertension Screening Through Acoustical Speech Analysis: Model Development and Validation,” in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 123621-123629, 2024. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10669945 (open-access)

Thumbnail image credit: A. Angelica, DALL E

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New free app monitors blood pressure

University of Pittsburgh researchers have developed an app that detects blood pressure using only your smartphone.

They harnessed tools already built into most smartphones, like motion-sensing accelerometers, front cameras, and touch sensors to build an Android smartphone app to measure an individual’s pulse pressure. 

You will simply raise your hand while holding the smartphone to make a measurement, as described in the journal Scientific Reports.

How it works

“Because of gravity, there’s a hydrostatic pressure change in your thumb when you raise your hands up above your heart, and using the phone’s accelerometer, you’re able to convert that into the relative change in pressure,” senior author Anand Chandrasekhar of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science said in a statement.

The app actually calculates pulse pressure, the difference between your upper (systolic) and lower (diastolic) numbers. Pulse pressure isn’t typically used in cardiovascular disease monitoring, but the study revealed its significance as a metric for detecting hypertension.

Goal: Accessible hypertension management worldwide

Systolic hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects more than 4 billion adults worldwide and is the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the top cause of death globally. This app could bring blood pressure monitoring software to any smartphone owner, enabling consistent self-monitoring and easy sharing of results with healthcare providers. This innovation is especially promising for managing hypertension, which can often be lowered through lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake, quitting smoking and exercising regularly. 

Citation: Landry, C., Dhamotharan, V., Freithaler, M., Hauspurg, A., Muldoon, M. F., Shroff, S. G., Chandrasekhar, A., & Mukkamala, R. (2024). A smartphone application toward detection of systolic hypertension in underserved populations. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65269-w (open-access)

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UN General Assembly President Requested to Convene Special Session on Future Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

The Millennium Project, in collaboration with the World Academy of Art and Science and the World Futures Study Federation, sent an open letter today to the incoming President of the UN General Assembly, His Excellency Mr. Philémon Yang, regarding the development, security, and governance of future forms of AI called artificial general intelligence (AGI).

This open letter, signed by 230 political, business, and academic leaders in artificial intelligence and futures research, warns that within the coming decade, “many versions of unregulated AGI could be released on the Internet. Without national licensing systems and UN coordination, humanity could lose control of AGI, which can rewrite its own code, getting smarter and smarter, moment-by-moment and evolving into an Artificial Super Intelligence far beyond our control or understanding.”

Calls for UN convention on AI

The letter calls for a UN resolution to create a committee of the willing to draft a UN Convention on AI with two sections, one on Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) and one on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), which could “lead to the creation of a specialized agency for the governance and safe development of artificial Intelligence in all its forms.”

‘Most difficult problem humanity has ever faced‘

In a recent international study on regulations and global governance structures for the transition to AGI (to be published in the State of the Future 20.0 next week), a multi-stakeholder, hybrid (AI and human) governance system was rated the most likely to ensure that current and future AI development aligns with human rights and well-being.

“Governing the transition to AGI could be the most complex, difficult management problem humanity has ever faced,” says Jerome Glenn, CEO of the Millennium Project. According to Stuart Russell, a leading AI expert at the University of California, Berkeley, “failure to solve [AGI management] before proceeding to create AGI systems would be a fatal mistake for human civilization. No entity has the right to make that mistake.”

Full disclosure: writer Amara Angelica is an advisor to the Millennium Project.

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‘Nuclear clock’ could revolutionize time measurement

Scientists at JILA (a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder), have designed a nuclear clock, a novel type of timekeeping device that uses signals from the core, or nucleus, of an atom—unlike atomic clocks, which measure time by tuning laser light to frequencies that cause electrons to jump between energy levels.

Nuclear clocks could be much more accurate than current atomic clocks, which provide official international time and play major roles in technologies such as GPS. That means even more precise navigation systems (with or without GPS), faster internet speeds, more reliable network connections, and more secure digital communications.

Radicalizing physics

Nuclear clocks could also improve tests of fundamental theories for how the universe works, help detect dark matter, or verify if the constants of nature are truly constant—allowing for verification of theories in particle physics without the need for large-scale particle accelerator facilities. 

While this isn’t a functioning nuclear clock yet, it’s a crucial step towards creating such a clock that could be both portable and highly stable.

The research is described in the Sept. 4 issue of the journal Nature as a cover story. 

Citation: Chuankun Zhang, Tian Ooi, Jacob S. Higgins, Jack F. Doyle, Lars von der Wense, Kjeld Beeks, Adrian Leitner, Georgy Kazakov, Peng Li, Peter G. Thirolf, Thorsten Schumm and, Jun Ye. Frequency ratio of the 229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the 87Sr atomic clock. Nature. Published online Sept 4, 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6  

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How to make skin invisible—major breakthrough

Researchers have developed a new way to see organs within a body by rendering overlying tissues transparent to visible light.

The counterintuitive process—a topical application of food-safe dye—was reversible in tests with animal subjects, and may ultimately apply to a wide range of medical diagnostics, from locating injuries to monitoring digestive disorders and identifying cancers.

Stanford University researchers published the research in the Sept. 6, 2024 issue of Science.  

Many uses

″Looking forward, this technology could make veins more visible for the drawing of blood, make laser-based tattoo removal more straightforward, or assist in the early detection and treatment of cancers,″ said Stanford University assistant professor of materials science and engineering Guosong Hong, a U.S. National Science Foundation CAREER grantee who helped lead this work, in a statement.

″For example, certain therapies use lasers to eliminate cancerous and precancerous cells, but are limited to areas near the skin’s surface. This technique may be able to improve that light penetration.″  

How it works

To master the new technique, the researchers developed a way to predict how light interacts with dyed biological tissues. This involves both light scattering and refraction, where light changes speed and bends as it travels from one material into another.

Light scattering is the reason we cannot see through our body: Fats, fluids within cells, proteins, and other materials each have a different refractive index, a property that dictates how much an incoming light wave will bend.

In most tissues, those materials are closely compacted together, so the varied refractive indices cause light to scatter as it passes through. It is the scattering effect that our eyes interpret as opaque, colored biological materials.

The researchers realized if they wanted to make biological material transparent, they had to find a way to match the different refractive indices so light could travel through unimpeded.

The researchers realized that dyes are the most effective at absorbing light, but can also be highly effective at directing light uniformly through a wide range of refractive indices.

They found that molecules of tartrazine (a food dye more commonly known as FD & C Yellow 5), when dissolved into water and absorbed into tissues, are perfectly structured to match refractive indices and prevent light from scattering, resulting in transparency.

The researchers gently rubbed a temporary tartrazine solution on mice. They applied the solution to the scalp, rendering the skin transparent to reveal blood vessels crisscrossing the brain and to the abdomen, which faded within minutes to show contractions of the intestine and movements caused by heartbeats and breathing.

The technique resolved features at the scale of microns (millionth of a meter) and enhanced microscope observations. The tartrazine did not appear to have long-term effects, and any excess was excreted in waste within 48 hours.

The researchers suspect that injecting the dye should lead to even deeper views within organisms, with implications for both biology and medicine.

Old formulas yield new window into medicine

Supported by a range of federal and private grants, the project began as an investigation into how microwave radiation interacts with biological tissues.

In exploring optics textbooks from the 1970s and 1980s, the researchers found two key concepts: mathematical equations called Kramers-Kronig relations and a phenomenon called Lorentz oscillation, where electrons and atoms resonate within molecules as photons pass through.

Well studied for more than a century, yet not applied to medicine in this way, the tools proved ideal for predicting how a given dye can raise the refractive index of biological fluids to perfectly match surrounding fats and proteins.

They realized that the same modifications that make materials transparent to microwaves could be tailored to impact the visible spectrum, with potential applications in medicine.

One tool that proved critical was a decades-old ellipsometer, a tool familiar to semiconductor manufacturing, not biology. In a possible first for medicine, the researchers realized it was also perfect to predict the optical properties of their target dyes.

With methods grounded in fundamental physics, the researchers hope their approach will launch a new field of study: matching dyes to biological tissues based on optical properties, potentially leading to a wide range of medical applications.

This research was supported by the U.S.. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the U.S. Army Long Term Health Education and Training program, and a range of private foundations and institutions.

Warning by researchers: The technique described above has not been tested on humans. Dyes may be harmful.  Always exercise caution with dyes and do not consume directly, apply to people or animals, or otherwise misuse.

Citation: Ou, Z., Duh, S., Rommelfanger, N. J., C. Keck, C. H., Jiang, S., BrinsonJr, K., Zhao, S., Schmidt, E. L., Wu, X., Yang, F., Cai, B., Cui, H., Qi, W., Wu, S., Tantry, A., Roth, R., Ding, J., Chen, X., Kaltschmidt, J. A., . . . Hong, G. (2024). Achieving optical transparency in live animals with absorbing molecules. Science. https://doi.org/adm6869 (open-access)

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How stressed are you right now?

Current cortisol detectors have poor stability, caused by different and fluctuating conditions, such as changing pH and temperature on the silver layer; and the presence of other hormones such as progesterone, testosterone, and corticosterone.

A way-better cortisol detector

So researchers in China and the UK have now developed a new, improved detector that can accurately measure levels of cortisol—a key stress biomarker—in the blood. The solution uses iridium oxide nanoparticles to cover the detector’s conventional silver layer. This improves the stability, sensitivity and reproducibility of a cortisol detection device at a concentration 3,000 times lower than the normal range of cortisol.

The study, by researchers at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, People’s Republic of China and Abertay University, United Kingdom, was published August 30, 2024 in the open-access journal Talanta, published by Elsevier.

Another recent stress-detection approach, using machine-learning with wearable sensors: Machine-learning Approach for Stress Detection Using Wearable Sensors.

So what are your stress-detector (and fixer) methods? Please share below!

Citations:

Ji, T., Ye, W., Xiao, W., Dawson, G., Dong, Q., & Gwenin, C. (2024). Iridium oxide-modified reference screen-printed electrodes for point-of-care portable electrochemical cortisol detection. Talanta, 280, 126776. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003991402401155X?via%3Dihub (open-access)

Abd Al-Alim, M., Mubarak, R., M. Salem, N., & Sadek, I. (2024). A machine-learning approach for stress detection using wearable sensors in free-living environments. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 179, 108918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108918 (open-access)

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Ultrasound device stimulates deep brain regions to treat chronic pain

University of Utah engineers have developed Diadem, which noninvasively stimulates deep brain regions, potentially disrupting the faulty signals that lead to chronic pain.

The researchers have published promising findings about an experimental therapy that has given many participants relief after a single treatment session. They are now recruiting participants for a final round of trials.

Diadem is a new biomedical device that uses ultrasound to noninvasively stimulate deep brain regions, potentially disrupting the faulty signals that lead to chronic pain.

Neuromodulation-based therapy

Diadem’s approach is based on neuromodulation, a therapeutic technique that seeks to directly regulate the activity of certain brain circuits. Other neuromodulation approaches are based on electric currents and magnetic fields, but those methods cannot selectively reach the brain structure investigated in the researchers’ recent trial —the anterior cingulate cortex, the researchers say.

The team is now preparing for a Phase 3 clinical trial, the final step before approval from the FDA to use Diadem as a treatment for the general public. They also plan to help deal with the opioid crisis.

Funding came from the National Institutes of Health and the University of Utah.

Citation: Riis, Thomas et al. Noninvasive targeted modulation of pain circuits with focused ultrasonic waves. Pain. 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003322 (open-access)

Thumbnail Image credit: A. Angelica, ChatGPT

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An entire brain-machine interface on a chip

EPFL researchers have developed a next-generation, miniaturized brain-machine interface (BMI) that is capable of direct brain-to-text communication on tiny silicon chips—no external computation required.

According to the researchers, the “MiBMI” (miniaturized BMI) chip enhances the efficiency and scalability of brain-machine interfaces and paves the way for practical, fully implantable devices. The MiBMI’s small area (8 millimeters square) and low power requirement make the system suitable for clinical and real-life applications.

Converting thoughts into readable text on a screen simply by thinking about writing

Brain-to-text conversion involves decoding neural signals generated when a person imagines writing letters or words. With current BMI systems, an external computer is required to process this data.

Instead, the researchers discovered that when a patient imagines “writing” characters by hand, it generates specific markers, or “distinctive neural codes” (DNCs), each in about 100 bytes. Using electrodes implanted in the brain, the MiBMI chipset processes these signals in real-time, translating the brain’s intended hand movements into corresponding digital text—no need to process thousands of bytes of data for each letter.

This makes the system fast and accurate, with low power consumption. It also allows for faster training times, making learning how to use the BMI easier and more accessible—especially for those with “locked-in” (unable to communicate) syndrome and other severe motor impairments.

Research collaborations

“While the chip has not yet been integrated into a working BMI, it has processed data from previous live recordings, such as those from the Shenoy lab at Stanford, converting [mental] handwriting activity into text with an impressive 91% accuracy,” said lead author Mohammed Ali Shaeri in a statement. The chip can currently decode up to 31 different characters, an achievement unmatched by any other integrated system, he notes. 

The researchers say this neurotechnological breakthrough is a feat of extreme miniaturization that combines expertise in integrated circuits, neural engineering, and artificial intelligence. They are collaborating with other research groups to test the system in different contexts, such as speech decoding and movement control. “Our goal is to develop a versatile BMI that can be tailored to various neurological disorders, providing a broader range of solutions for patients,” says Shoaran.

This research is published in the current issue of IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

Citation: M. A. Shaeri, U. Shin, A. Yadav, R. Caramellino, G. Rainer, M. Shoaran, “A 2.46mm2 Miniaturized Brain-Machine Interface (MiBMI) Enabling 31-Class Brain-to-Text Decoding”, in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (JSSC), 2024, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2024.3443254

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Repurposed Alzheimer’s drug could someday help save your life

Researchers at the Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering have discovered that the FDA-approved donepezil (DNP) drug can put tadpoles in a protective, reversible hibernation-like torpor state.

DNP is already being used in the clinic to treat Alzheimer’s, so it potentially could be rapidly repurposed for use in emergency situations to prevent irreversible organ injury while a person is being transported to a hospital, the researchers suggest.

Could save millions of lives every year

“Cooling a patient’s body down to slow its metabolic processes has long been used in medical settings to reduce injuries and long-term problems from severe conditions, but currently, it can only be done in a well-resourced hospital,” said co-author Michael Super, Ph.D., Director of Immuno-Materials at the Wyss Institute, in a statement.

“Achieving a similar state of biostasis [the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them, such as hibernation] with an easily administered drug like DNP could potentially save millions of lives every year.”

Lipid nanocarriers to reduce toxicity

The team used X. laevis tadpoles to evaluate DNP’s effects on a whole living organism and found that it did successfully induce a torpor-like state that could be reversed when the drug was removed.

But the drug seemed to cause some toxicity, and accumulated in all of the animals’ tissues. To solve that problem, the researchers encapsulated DNP inside lipid nanocarriers, and found that this both reduced toxicity and caused the drug to accumulate in the animals’ brain tissue. This is a promising result, as the central nervous system is known to also mediate hibernation and torpor in other animals.

Although DNP has been shown to protect neurons from metabolic stress in models of Alzheimer’s disease, the team cautions that more work is needed to understand exactly how it leads to torpor, as well as scale up production of the encapsulated DNP for use in larger animals and potentially, humans.

“Donepezil has been used worldwide by patients for decades, so its properties and manufacturing methods are well-established. Lipid nanocarriers similar to the ones we used are also now approved for clinical use in other applications,” said senior author Donald Ingber, Founding Director of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, in a statement.

Buying patients critical time

“This study demonstrates that an encapsulated version of the drug could potentially be used in the future to buy patients critical time to survive devastating injuries and diseases, and it could be easily formulated and produced at scale on a much shorter time scale than a new drug,” Ingber said.

This research, published August 22 in ACS Nano, was supported as part of the DARPA Biostasis Program, which funds projects that aim to extend the time for lifesaving medical treatment (the “Golden Hour” following traumatic injury or acute infection). The Wyss Institute has been a participant in the DARPA Biostasis Program since 2018 and has achieved several important milestones over the last few years.

Citation: Plaza Oliver M et al. Donepezil Nanoemulsion Induces a Torpor-like State with Reduced Toxicity in Nonhibernating Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. ACS Nano. 2024 Aug 21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39167921/ (open-access)

Thumbnail image credit: A. Angelica/ChatGPT

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Massive water production possible on the Moon

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) researchers have developed a new method of massive water production on the Moon.

Previous lunar explorations have found the water content in lunar minerals to be extremely low, ranging from 0.0001% to 0.02%, they note. Now Prof. Wang Junqiang’s team at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has developed a new method of massive water production based on the reaction between lunar regolith and endogenous hydrogen.

Concentrated heating regolith releases water

“We used lunar regolith samples brought back by the Chang’E-5 mission in our study,” said Wang. The study revealed that when the lunar regolith is heated above 1,200 K with concave mirrors, one gram of molten lunar regolith can generate 51 to 76 mg of water.

“So one ton of lunar regolith could produce more than 50 kg of water, which is equal to about a hundred 500-ml bottles of drinking water. This would be enough drinking water for 50 people for one day.”

Lunar ilmenite (FeTiO3) was found to contain the highest amount of solar wind-implanted hydrogen among the five primary minerals in the lunar regolith, owing to its unique lattice structure with sub-nanometer tunnels.

Other options: irrigating and breathing

The researchers suggest that this water could be used both for drinking and irrigating plants. Or it could be electrochemically decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen, with hydrogen used for energy and oxygen essential for breathing.

The researchers say these discoveries provide pioneering insights into water exploration on the Moon and shed light on the future construction of lunar research stations.

The results of the study were published in the Cell Press journal The Innovation.

Citation: Xiao Chen et al. August 22. Massive Water Production from Lunar Ilmenite through Reaction with Endogenous Hydrogen. The Innovation. https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/fulltext/S2666-6758(24)00128-0 (open access)

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